Geothermal And Tidal Energy: Can We Use The Earth's Natural Forces?

Geothermal and Tidal Energy Explained: Harnessing Earth’s Natural Forces

Why Do Students Struggle With Geothermal and Tidal Energy?

You’re sitting in class, the topic is “alternative energy sources,” and your teacher starts explaining geothermal and tidal energy. Suddenly, it’s a flood of unfamiliar terms—magma chambers, tidal barrages, heat exchangers, gravitational forces. You’re frantically scribbling notes, but it all feels abstract.
Sound familiar?
Many students struggle with renewable energy concepts like geothermal and tidal energy because they sound like textbook jargon instead of real-world systems. They’re not as “visible” or widely discussed as solar panels or wind turbines. There’s less pop culture reference to latch onto. And when exam time comes? These are the questions you skip or guess.

Why Misunderstanding These Topics Hurts in the Long Run

Let’s think beyond the exam for a moment.
If you don’t fully understand geothermal and tidal energy, you risk missing a fundamental part of the renewable energy puzzle. You may write off viable career options in environmental science, engineering, or sustainable development. Worse, you may underestimate how critical these lesser-known sources are for global energy security.
Misconceptions can also creep in. For example:

• Thinking geothermal energy can only be used in volcanic areas (not true).
• Believing tidal energy is unreliable (when in fact, it’s one of the most predictable energy sources).

Without clarity, your understanding of renewable energy remains incomplete. And in today’s world, where climate action is front and center, can we afford that gap?

Understanding Geothermal and Tidal Energy—Step by Step

Let’s break this down. By the end of this post, you’ll be able to:

1. Define geothermal and tidal energy.
2. Explain how each one works with clear diagrams in mind.
3. Understand their advantages, challenges, and real-world applications.
4. Recall key case studies and facts.
5. Confidently apply this knowledge in exams or discussions.

Part 1: Geothermal Energy – Tapping Into Earth’s Internal Heat

What Is Geothermal Energy?
"Geo" means Earth. "Thermal" means heat. Geothermal energy is heat that comes from beneath the Earth’s surface.
At the Earth’s core, temperatures can reach over 5000°C. While we don’t go that deep, the upper crust of the Earth stores a lot of this heat in rocks and water reservoirs.
How Does It Work?
Let’s simplify this into a 3-step model:

1. Heat Source: Hot rocks or magma under the surface heat underground water.
2. Reservoir: This hot water or steam collects in naturally porous rock layers.
3. Extraction System: Wells are drilled to bring this hot water/steam to the surface, where it drives turbines to generate electricity or provides direct heating.

Think of it like a pressure cooker underground. We just add a pipe and tap the steam.
Types of Geothermal Systems:

1. Dry Steam Plants – Use steam directly from reservoirs to spin turbines.
2. Flash Steam Plants – Pull high-pressure hot water to the surface, where it "flashes" into steam.
3. Binary Cycle Plants – Use the heat from geothermal water to boil a secondary fluid (with a lower boiling point) to produce vapor and drive turbines.

Where Is It Used?

• Iceland: Nearly 90% of homes use geothermal heating.
• Kenya: Olkaria Geothermal Plant supplies 45% of the country’s electricity.
• USA: The Geysers in California is the largest geothermal field in the world.

Pros of Geothermal Energy

• Constant supply (24/7).
• Small land footprint.
• Low emissions compared to fossil fuels.

Challenges

• High initial drilling cost.
• Limited to geologically active regions for large-scale plants.
• Risk of triggering small earthquakes (if not managed properly).

Part 2: Tidal Energy – Riding the Power of the Ocean

What Is Tidal Energy?
Tidal energy comes from the movement of ocean tides—caused mainly by the gravitational pull of the moon and sun.
Unlike wind or solar, tides are predictable. We know exactly when high and low tides will occur. This makes tidal energy one of the most reliable renewable sources.
How Does It Work?
There are 2 main systems:

1. Tidal Barrage
   • Works like a dam across a tidal estuary.
   • When the tide comes in, water builds up behind the barrage.
   • As the tide goes out, water is released, spinning turbines like in a hydroelectric dam.
2. Tidal Stream (or Underwater Turbines)
   • Turbines placed on the seabed in fast tidal currents.
   • As water flows past, it spins the blades—just like wind turbines but underwater.

Where Is It Used?

• France: La Rance Tidal Power Station (operational since 1966).
• South Korea: Sihwa Lake Tidal Power Station is the world’s largest.
• UK: The MeyGen project in Scotland is a major tidal stream farm.

Pros of Tidal Energy

• Very predictable.
• High energy density (water is ~800 times denser than air).
• Long lifespan of infrastructure.

Challenges

• High construction and maintenance costs.
• Environmental impact on marine life and sediment flow.
• Location-specific (needs a strong tidal range or current).

Part 3: Comparing Geothermal and Tidal Energy

Let’s put them side-by-side to make things clearer:

Part 4: Real-Life Case Studies and Stats

1. Case Study 1: The Geysers, California
   • 22 geothermal power plants.
   • Produces over 700 MW—enough to power over 600,000 homes.
   • In operation since the 1960s.
2. Case Study 2: Sihwa Tidal Power Station, South Korea
   • Capacity: 254 MW.
   • Integrated with an existing seawall, reducing additional environmental disturbance.
   • Operates on a single-directional tidal barrage system.
3. Case Study 3: Hellisheiði Power Station, Iceland
   • Combined geothermal power and hot water supply.
   • Carbon capture technology added in 2014 to re-inject CO₂ into the ground.

Part 5: How to Remember and Apply This

Tip #1: Use Analogies

• Geothermal energy = underground steam cooker.
• Tidal energy = underwater windmill or reversible dam.

Tip #2: Draw Diagrams
Sketch a volcano with a pipe leading to a turbine.
Sketch a dam with gates letting ocean water spin a turbine.

Tip #3: Practice Questions

1. What makes tidal energy more predictable than wind or solar?
2. Why are binary cycle geothermal plants useful in areas with lower temperatures?
3. What are the environmental concerns with tidal barrages?

Tip #4: Use Mnemonics
For geothermal plant types: D-F-B (Dry, Flash, Binary) = Don’t Forget Basics.

So, Can We Use the Earth’s Natural Forces?

Absolutely. Both geothermal and tidal energy offer powerful, renewable alternatives to fossil fuels. While they face technical and geographical challenges, they also provide steady, long-term energy solutions that the world is only beginning to scale.

If you’re studying renewable energy, don’t just memorize definitions. Think about how and why these systems work. Ask questions. Sketch systems. Look at real-world examples.